data collection methods
Block I
first What are the three basic data collection methods?
interview, observation, content analysis
second Standardized survey methods by which properties are marked?
a) general
- external conditions must be identical
- identical question wording
- identical sequence
- usually use predefined answers
- usually used intensity scales
b) in relation to oral questions
- all of the above
- requires training of interviewers (single, neutral behavior)
- an interviewer should carry out more than 10 interviews
third Describe different forms of non-standardized collection procedures.
I) The interview guide
- In the Guide of those aspects of the topic that will come up, in bullet points oder Fragevorschlägen zusammengestellt
- Die Reihenfolge und deren genauere Formulierung ist i. d. R. dem Interviewer freigestellt
- die Befragten sollen möglichst ausführlich antworten; von Ihnen angesprochene Aspekte sollen durch nachfragen vertieft werden
- des Weiteren enthalten sind Zusatzfragen, Eventualfragen und Substantive issues
II) The narrative interview
- on the detailed narration of the respondents applied
- it starts with telling the life story of a transition in the life history or an important event (Tell phase)
- this Phase is not the interviewer interrupted
- resulting gaps will be resolved in the use phase by asking the interviewer
- follows this summary and evaluation of the narrative by the respondent
- while the interviewer tries to find explanations for narrated by and utilization encouraging of "how-questions" and "why" questions the reasoning (recognition phase)
III), the expert interview
- it should information about an institution / a social field are collected, of which the interviewer knows little
4th In a nationwide, representative survey of 2000 to be implemented Interviews. How many interviewers would you use it?
2000/10 = 200 (10 interviews per interviewer, ie 200 interviewers in 2000 interviews)
Block II
first What types of information that can be detected with issues in oral or written surveys, you know?
- demographics
- behavior
- settings / ratings
- knowledge / factual knowledge to specific situations
- beliefs
second What problems do you have to behavioral questions ? Expected
- behavioral questions relating to the conduct of the respondent à frequency, duration, type of actions in the past
- it makes sense to prioritize the current action
- forward-looking questions are difficult / Rather question the opinion
- memory problem : the predetermined response categories affect the stronger effect on the response to a behavioral question, the less well the retrieved behavior memory is stored, bad, little or unsaved behavior forces the respondent to estimate
third Enter a detailed example of the use of a rating process in an oral survey.
rating process is, the assessment (English: Rating) of features, in general, on a scale by which the intensity (and not only the presence or absence) of the expression of these features included should.
example: question about satisfaction with Merkel's leadership style. Options in school grades 1-6.
4th Name the advantages and disadvantages of open and closed questions. When are both?
| | closed questions | questions |
| benefits | · easier to answer · comparability due to the uniformity | · by the individual response can you get good insights and lots of information |
| disadvantages | · substantive points can not figure out · are pre-formulated response categories and not necessarily with the statements that the Respondents call themselves | · answers would be difficult to compare · effort for evaluation (cost, time) |
| use when? | · Yes / No questions · alternative issues · choice: Rating or ranking · questions with multiple answers | · no choice answers · be used if you want to capture not classified a scale variable, or any answers does not know · exploratory research, when measuring spontaneous response behavior or verbalization · expert interviews |
5th What is meant by reciprocity of the workload in terms of open and closed questions?
of work required for qualitative and quantitative surveys is about the same size (open questions analysis very challenging, with closed questions, the question of conception).
The choice of method depends primarily on the research problem under investigation, both methods have their place. Due to the reciprocity of the work involved is in any case with a labor savings expected.
6th Discuss with respect to the measurement of intensities with standard setting issues, the advantages and disadvantages.
- many or as few categories of response?
o mean more choice answers are usually differentiated responses, and thus higher accuracy.
o man kann allerdings der Gefahr erliegen, die Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Antwortvorgaben so gering werden zu lassen, dass diese für den Befragten nicht mehr deutlich zu unterscheiden sind.
o es kann dazu kommen, dass der Befragte verwirrt und unsicher irgendwelche Abschätzungen vornimmt.
- grade oder ungerade Anzahl von Antwortkategorien?
o tendency toward the center - in disguise "non-white category
o some people need the Center for their happiness
7th Name 12 important rules for the formulation of questions in questionnaires.
- short questions
- no strangers
- not abstract concepts
- not loaded terms
- no leading questions
- no hypothetical questions
- only a matter for each question
- no double negation
- positive and negative alternatives mention
- mention all possible answers
- usually do-not-category provide (Ausnahmen!!)
- no grading terms in the question text
- response requirements must match the question
8th Ask for the "reasons" settings will give usually not much. What do you have to avoid such questions, yet to obtain information about reasons?
- indirectly ask
o has what motivates them?
o What do you like it (not)?
9th What a double barreled or double-barreled questions? What must one do to avoid them?
issues, leading to two issues with it. Better division into two questions (one-dimensionality).
10th What response categories (even odd /) there are and how they are differentiated?
- even / odd questions: Number of answers to
- notified vs. untitled requirements
- vs. numerical. verbal designation: eg, school grades vs. "Somewhat satisfied", rather "unhappy", etc.
Block III
first What can you say about the introduction of an oral interview question? What two basic Positions are there?
- introductory questions should not require long deliberation, warm up
- it should be on issues that are more likely to answer yes to
- rather characteristic or behavior issues, no questions that apply only to a subpopulation
- two basic positions:
· opening question should be neutral, serve to set the mood, be simple, access to interview facilitate
· First question should be thematically relevant not to be too technical, but the content of the study
second How would you deal with sensitive issues in an oral interview?
- place not at the beginning of the interview, but as at the end (or at the end of the complex issues), since the dropout strongly by asking tricky questions increases. The questions should not be pulled completely out of context.
- use technical tricks, such as encoding the response in numbers etc.
- mitigate or minimize by appropriate formulation (tax evasion, "the tax office hit on the ear")
- appeal to Idler effect
- surprise attack by very direct questions
- hoppers: custom general questions accessible / sensitive
third Explain what is a filter in a standardized interview.
- filter issues question blocks are laid on, to be usefully answered only by a subset of respondents.
- Bei der Filterführung ist darauf zu achten, dass sie für den Interviewer gut ersichtlich ist.
- z.B. Fragen zum Verhalten in der Ehe die Frage vorschalten, od der Befragte überhaupt verheiratet ist "...wenn Nein, weiter mit Frage 83..."
4. Skizzieren Sie ein mögliches Layout für eine Seite eines standardisierten mündlichen Fragebogens!
- approximate duration
- short description of the principal
- full question text, short and clear, easily understandable terms
- Information for survey assistance, requests, Clarifications
- clearly visible filter guide, not a long leaves the interviewer
- serial number of the arc
- interviewer questions about the course of the interview
5th What survey tools and what do you know?
survey helps to facilitate answering the questions, anonymity assured, break up the situation, boredom counteract
Examples:
- Lists (Number) with response alternatives
- Card
- envelope for anonymous responses
- encrypted list of categories of sensitive issues
- schemes to the response alternatives
visualize 6th What questions would the interviewer usually after the interview (without the respondent) to answer yourself?
The interviewer fills out a contact protocol:
- interview duration
- interview situation (interference, others present people)
- overall credibility of the respondents
- Aufmerksamkeit des Befragten
- Schwierigkeiten/ Unglaubwürdigkeiten bei einzelnen/speziellen Fragen
7. Nennen Sie einige wichtige Ziele einer Interviewschulung.
- möglichst uniforme Interviewer
- minimize interviewer effects
- increase reliability of the interviewer
- possible about the entire study provide
- interviewer identify with the project
- on effects of response distortion draw attention to the methods used to prevent the hand give
- explain each question carefully, the interviewer has to his cause, be sure
8th What are the possible sources of response bias in interviews (8-10 examples).
- refusal
- white non-answers
- Non-attitudes (something is given, because no white- no category exists)
- social desirability (answer, believes the respondent that the interviewer wants to hear it)
- interviewer effects (reaction of respondents to the person of the interviewer)
- question effects (wording)
- dance sequence effects
- presence effects (especially on sensitive issues)
- principal effects (attitude of the respondent / prejudice to the company etc)
- scaling effects
- Akquieszenz
9th What is Akquieszenz?
The tendency to say yes, especially in interviews, without much thought
10th Explain what is meant by the tendency to "social stability" and what you can do about it?
questions are answered socially desirable by need for social recognition or as a situation-specific response to the data collection (Konsequenzbefürchtung) eg tax evasion
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